The Play the Crucible is set in New England Essay Example for Free

The Play the Crucible is set in New England Essay A Crucible is a melting pot in which metals are melted together to form a pure metal. Millers characters represent these impure metals from Danforths eyes, as he came to determine Abigails accusations. Miller allows the reader to see how it was believed that the Bible should be interpreted in one way. This belief made sure that if you interpreted the bible wrongly, you would then have to undergo a thorough investigation. But the investigation Danforth underwent, interpreting if Abigails accusations were true or false was not thorough enough as his misinterpretation led to innocent deaths. In the beginning of the play we can already see that the characters are already being put to the test. Betty, Parriss daughter, is not waking up, will you wake, will you open your eyes? Paris saw the girls dancing naked in the woods. This line is significant as it allows Miller to get into the readers mind and makes them think a million thoughts at once. The reader knows that Paris saw the girls dancing, but now he/she is thinking could the dancing have anything to do with her not waking up, is Paris blaming himself for this because he saw what was going on and didnt stop it before the spell was cast on Elizabeth, which is not known at this point of the novel. Miller not only creates a scene but he builds tension with each and every single line. In this scene tension builds as more and more characters get to know that Betty is not waking up. John Proctor, a father of two boys, a farmer in his middle 30s and a man who made a fool feel foolish in his presence, in this case the fool of the novel was Reverend Samuel Parris. Well Proctors character gets toyed around with and tested in act 2 by Elizabeth Proctor his wife. She has never lied but she loves her husband so much that she will lie for him, when she is asked by Danforth if Proctor has ever committed the crime of lechery (adultery), she tells a lie and says no, sir. This tests Elizabeths character by making her do something she has never done (tell a lie). This test proves to the reader that she loves her husband so much that she will go to the extent of do anything for him, even something she has never done before. Why, then, it is not as you told me, Elizabeth proctor toys around with Proctor in the beginning of Act 2, slowly making him admit to her, that he committed lechery (but he doesnt say he does). The toying around with Proctor that Elizabeth did is an excellent test that shows the reader Proctors limits. We know Proctors limit has been reached as he bursts out and tells her she shouldnt judge him I must have mistaken you for God Let you look for the goodness in me, and judge me not. The questioning of Proctor by Hale in Act 2 is a moment in the reader gets proof of Proctor s deep regret for the sin he had committed. You have said that twice, sir, Proctors failure to complete the reciting of the ten commandments is key as it lets the readers imagination loose. This could be interpreted in many ways but it made me think that he was really ashamed of what he had done, as he knew the commandment but didnt want to say it because he was ashamed of it. The questioning of Proctor during this Act allows the reader to get to grips on Proctors character. So in the contrary Miller constantly put his characters through the process of trying to purify them and make them become perfect in Danforths eyes but had a massive turn around in the end of it all and resulted in death, take his shame away, we have seen how much proctor didnt want his name to be spoilt for his children, what more proof is needed to show the reader that this is a man who loved others more than himself and . He refused to sign away his name and decided to die a man with a good name. Nothing could have changed his mind he had decided on keeping his name. Miller may have formed his pure metal but his crucible had a hole in it and this hole allowed some metals to escape so I guess it wasnt fully a pure metal.

Hurston :: essays research papers

Zora Neal Hurston was the daughter of a Baptist Preacher born in Alabama on January 7, 1891 only 26 years after slavery was abolished. When she was three her father moved their family to Eatonville Florida. Eatonville was the first incorporated black community in America, a place that Zora held as the black utopia. Zora was able to receive an education and earned her B.A. in Anthropology from Columbia University in 1928 (Zora). Her father was the mayor of Eatonville which allotted her opportunities that many other blacks did not have, but that is not to say that being the daughter of a black mayor from a black town made things easy for her. Zora eventually became an accomplished novelist and folklorist as well as an authority on black culture from the Harlem Renaissance (Zora). Her greatest novel was that of Their Eyes Are Watching God, however when the book was released in 1937 it was criticized by the black community as downplaying the hardships that blacks of that time had to end ure at the hands of whites; subsequently the book was shelved and forgotten until the 1970’s. Today because of a revival of her novel it is considered to be a modern literary canon (Verma). The town that Zora grew up in was a rural black community. Because her interaction with whites was very limited she did not have the constant contrast or knowledge of being a minority. As far as she was concerned she was no different, or at least she held the same value as everyone else. It was not until she was sent to school in Jacksonville Florida that she actually realized her diversity, or as she put in her short story â€Å"To be Colored Me†, â€Å"the very day that I became colored â€Å"(Hurston). When she arrived in Jacksonville it was the first time that she had such a great contrast of her color to that of the larger of society. â€Å"I was not Zora of Orange County any more; I was now a little colored girl. I found it out in certain ways, in my heart as well as in the mirror† (Hurston). Zora was lucky however to have grown up in an all black community where she was not harassed for her color and looked down upon by others. As stated above she was not even aware of her color until she went to a major city where the majority of the population was white.

A Class Without A Teacher Essay

One of the most awaited moment in school life- Absence of a teacher in class. This is the time when a classroom can change into a parliament, jungle, market or even a mix of everything! Gossip, food, naughtiness, laughter and craziness overrule books, law, discipline and silence. The most perfect time to relax and enjoy and exercise our right to freedom of everything we can think of. Beings students, our prime motive is to break rules, have fun and cherish the good memories rather than crying over bad times, abiding school rules, stay numb and work like robots. Once a teacher enters the classroom, we find silence at its perfectness and everyone is busy with their assigned work. But after all, students are students and once the teacher leaves, shall their true identities be revealed. Teaching by video conferencing makes a classroom without physical presence of teacher. This kind of advancement in teaching slowly minimizes the personal care and interactive nature of teacher. Now, we’re focused on giving teachers the support they need to excel in the classroom. That support should come in many forms, including individualized professional development, cutting-edge educational technology and state-of-the-art lesson plans. One of the things I hear most often when I talk to teachers is that they’re eager for more chances to work together, to learn from each other. New teachers want regular access to colleagues with experience who can help them grow into the profession. Experienced teachers, likewise, want to become leaders in their schools by mentoring new teachers. I was recently talking to teachers in Denver, an innovative school district that is trying some new approaches. They told me one of the best changes is a new emphasis to work in groups. They said the spirit of the collaboration reminds them of why they became teachers in the first place. Perhaps most importantly, teachers must have a voice in creating the future of teaching. They have a unique understanding of where their profession needs to go and what they need to do their best work for students. We have an obligation to benefit from their wisdom. That is why all the work we do at the foundation is in partnership with teachers.

Watergate - 643 Words

Watergate Student’s Name Professor Course Institution Date The Watergate Scandal was considered one of the most of disturbing political scandals in the history of America. This Scandal brought down a President and his administration, also made the American public distrust the government which still goes on today. In 1972 there were two break-ins at the headquarters of the Democratic National Committee, located in the Watergate office and apartment complex located in Washington D.C. The first was 27, 1972 and was performed by G. Gordon Liddy the leader of the group called â€Å" The Plumbers†, E. Howard Hunt, and James W. McCord along with six members of a group known as â€Å"the Plumbers†. The break- in was used to†¦show more content†¦James McCord and G Gordon Liddy stood trial and were convicted of conspiracy. The Watergate Scandal was broke to the public by Reporters for the Washington Post Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, from information passed to them by a Member of the White House code name as Deep Throat (Mar k Felt). With the information that was given to the reporters it showed that many of the President’s staff was involved to include the President. It was revealed that President Nixon had a voice activated taping system installed in the Oval office for all his conversations and phone calls. Confirmed to the Senate in July 1973 by White House aide Alexander Butterfield, after it was revealed it was dismantled and put in Alexander Haig’s custody. Earlier that year Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox and the Senate Committee issued subpoenas for the tapes. Which President Nixon refused claiming executive privilege, when the President finally turned ove r the tapes it was found that to have a 181/2 minute gap in the tapes. Rose Mary Woods, President Nixon secretary admitted that while reviewing and transcribing the tapes that for the Senate committee she accidentally hit the record button while answering a phone call and erased about 5 minutes, she claims that she had nothin g to do with the other 13 minutes. The contents of the missing 18  ½ minutes may never be known, although it is believed to contain a conversation between President Nixon and Chief ofShow MoreRelatedWatergate Of The Watergate Scandal1135 Words   |  5 PagesWatergate Scandal The Watergate Scandal happened almost 43 years ago; the event will never be forgotten. The Watergate scandal defined, perhaps for the first time, that a president of the United States could be portrayed as untrustworthy. Richard Nixon ran for a second term in 1972, in which he won by a huge margin. The Democratic Party had their headquarters at the high-end Watergate hotel. The break-in happened on June 17th, 1972, in which a security guard noticed the tape on the door lockRead MoreWatergate670 Words   |  3 PagesVery few American’s over the age of 20 do not know about Watergate. They have seen the plots in movies, history books, TV shows, and Made for TV movies. Some of the media plots are real and some not so much. Contrary to popular belief â€Å"Forest Gump† was not the person to crack open Watergate [ (Groom, 1994) ]. That honor goes to a simple security guard at the Watergate Complex, Frank Wills [ (AHC, 2012) ]. Mr. Willis was making his rounds when he became aware of tape covering the locks on theRead MoreWatergate740 Words   |  3 PagesWatergate Lucia San Nicolas HIS/145 October 19, 2011 Marciano Flores Watergate The Watergate scandal shocked millions of Americans when it was revealed in 1972. The president at that time was Richard M. Nixon, who himself was involved within the scandal. The Watergate scandal took place in 1972 when a group of five men broke into the offices of the Democratic National Committee in the Watergate office complex in Washington. The five men involved in this burglary were eventuallyRead MoreWatergate637 Words   |  3 PagesWatergate Scandal Ever since the beginning of time, scandals have occurred. But one of the biggest and infamous scandals is the Watergate. Approximately forty years ago from date, a Watergate protector found a small portion of tape attached on the lock of on the National Democratic Headquarters door. Then it all began. The Watergate’s attempted break in was a part of a bigger operation by President Nixon. The rumor was Nixon’s supporters and people involved in the scandal wanted to tarnish theRead MoreWatergate722 Words   |  3 Pagesstory of Watergate is both historically and politically interesting. It began to occur from the Pentagon Papers, in which Daniel Ellsberg handed over to the press. The Pentagon Papers contained secret documents outlining the history of U.S. involvement in Vietnam (p.848).These secret documents would bring to light the deception of the the morning of June 17, 1972, at 2:30 a.m. 5 burglars were arrested inside the office of the Democratic National Committee, located inside of the Watergate buildingRead MoreWatergate3095 Words   |  13 PagesRunning head: WATERGATE 1 WATERGATE DEVRY UNIVERSITY ONLINE. OCTOBER 20, 2014 WATERGATE 2 INTRODUCTION Watergate is a word that will forever be connected to the 37th President, Richard Nixon. What started out as a botched robbery at the Democratic Reelection headquarters would later become know for bringing down the Presidency. The American public would be able to see and hear firsthand what actually occurred in the Whitehouse behind closed doors, becauseRead MoreThe Watergate Scandal1543 Words   |  7 Pagestrustworthy – or so they thought. Unfortunately, shortly after Nixon was elected to his second term of presidency in 1972, the Watergate Scandal changed America forever by creating a sense of mistrust toward the government for the American people because of The Nixon Administration’s actions. It all began on Sunday, June 18, 1972 when Frank Wills, security guard at the Watergate office complex in Washington, D.C., found a piece of tape that was preventing a door from locking. After removing the pieceRead MoreWatergate Complex After The Watergate1781 Words   |  8 Pagesin the Watergate complex after signs of breaking in were found on the doors. No one at that time knew this subtle crime would lead to the greatest scandal in the US history and the resignation of the current President, Richard Nixon. Evidences later showed that the Watergate Incident was only a mere part of the ugly crimes the Nixon Administration had committed to achieve their ultimate goal of reelection, and Nixon had intentionally attempted a cover up to save his reputation. The Watergate incidentRead MoreThe Watergate Scandal2082 Words   |  9 PagesThe Watergate Scandal Richard Milhous Nixon was the thirty-seventh President of the United States of America from 1969 until 1974. Nixon completed his first term as President in 1973 and was re-elected for the position for the next four years. However, Nixon would have his time in the White House cut short by the series of events that occurred in the twenty-six months that followed the Watergate burglary. On June 17, 1972 five men, one White House employee and four Cubans, broke into the WatergateRead MoreWatergate Scandal2036 Words   |  9 PagesThe Watergate Scandal Essay written by Unknown The Watergate Scandal was a series of crimes committed by the President and his staff, who were found to spied on and harassed political opponents, accepted illegal campaign contributions, and covered up their own misdeeds. On June 17, 1972, The Washington Post published a small story. In this story the reporters stated that five men had been arrested breaking into the headquarters of the Democratic National Commi ttee. The headquarters was located in

How Has Palestinian Application for Un Membership and...

Abstract The purpose of the research â€Å"How has Palestinian application for UN membership and statehood recognition affected the advancement of the peace process between Israel and Palestine?â€Å" was to provide a thorough examination of the Arab-Israeli conflict and estimate the possible courses of its development in case of UN interference into the matter. The method used in the process of investigation consisted in accessing English and Israeli websites, including the official website of the Parliament of Israel, in order to collect the necessary information on the issue. A vast amount of opinions was gathered and applied in the research, that helped to create the holistic picture of the problem under consideration. As a result of†¦show more content†¦The aggravating conflict underwent several basic stages: * 1948 Arab-Israeli War (the first war) * 1956 the Suez Crisis (the second war) * 1967, 1973 (the third and the forth wars) * 1978-1979 Camp David peace process * 1982 Lebanon War (the fifth war) * 1993-2000 Oslo peace process * 2000-2005 The Second Intifada (the sixth war) Despite the long history of confrontation the main points of controversy remained unchanged. They are: * the status of Jerusalem * Palestinian refugees * the Israeli settlements * the borders Each period of the conflict was characterized by either escalation or reduction of tension, but since it’s not the main concern of this research, we will only consider some of the agreements signed by the opposing sides, in order to show what attempts had been made to resolve the conflict before Palestine turned to the UN for assistance. Subheading 1: The attempts to negotiate peace between Israel and Palestine. One of the main attempts to resolve the conflict was the Oslo Agreement that was signed in September 1993 in Washington and was supposed to settle the arguments between the two countries. For Israel, that always considered PLO to be a terrorist organization and refused any diplomatic contacts with it, it was a tough political decision. According to the agreement the PLO had to stop any terroristic action

This Assignment Was Difficult For Me Since I Just Moved

This assignment was difficult for me since I just moved to a town and I know no one. In fact, I was starting to wonder if I’d be able to hit the requirements since up until yesterday I’d only had 1 interaction with someone for 15 minutes. But between a rock hounding lecture meet up yesterday and the sun today, I was able to have a few face to face conversations with people. The first observation was with the co-owner of the RV park I’m staying at. My neighbor informed me the park may hire a couple people in June in exchange for their space rent. This lead me to Brian, where we engaged in a 30-minute conversation about all the things I need to know living here, such as where the best agates were, what spring break and summer activities they†¦show more content†¦The change in her facial expression from relaxed to uh-oh back to relaxed was only a couple seconds, but it conveyed that Brian’s phone call wasn’t going to be pleasurable. My next observation was Laura, a local geologist, business owner, and rock guru! Laura is offering rock collecting lessons on the beach to educate people on the different rocks of the Oregon Coast as well as beach and rock collecting safety and laws. Due to the downpour of rain at the time, Laura canceled the beach rock collecting but invited me and the other guy that showed to her store so she could tell us about a new geological find. At her store, Laura started explaining that scientists have discovered granite on the Oregon Coast that dates back to an eruption from Yellowstone, I think she said around 15 million years ago. As the lava flowed towards the ocean it picked up and deposited rocks along the way which explained a long puzzle they had of how Idaho Idaho geodes and crystals were in the Pacific Ocean. This new find is huge in the geological field which was evident by Laura’s facial expression. She didn’t even have to mention how important this finding is as h er face conveyed it all. She was very animated as she spoke, her arms moving in unison to her verbal communication (for example she’d make wavy signals with her hands almost every time she talked about the lava flows). While Laura talked, she alternated between showing excitement in her facial features (eyesShow MoreRelatedPersonal Essay : Moving Into A New House1022 Words   |  5 Pagesyesterday that there was only a Playstation 2 in my room; the only console I had up until recently. I have my room to sleep in, as well as my older brother having his own room to sleep in. But before, this wasnt the case. Before moving into a new house, my family had always lived in a house that was no bigger than an apartment room. Of course, it technically wasnt an apartment since there were only two living rooms in that house. During our time living in that house, my brother and I would have fun likeRead MoreLife Of A Child Of An Immigrant968 Words   |  4 Pagescame to this country at a very young age. My father was 16 when he first moved to the U.S. and my mother years later moved when she was 19. I am a child of immigrants and it was hard growing up. I consider myself a Mexican American or Chicana. I grew up in the suburbs of Los Angeles and later moved to Las Vegas. As I asked my father what he had to deal when he first moved he said â€Å"people would discriminate me just because I couldn’t speak well English and because of my brown skin†. â€Å"I was only 16Read MoreHow Do We Shape Our Literacy?1051 Words   |  5 Pagesliteracy background, it would be an interesting one. I grew up in the Philippines and continuously lived there for fifteen years. I attended a private school that utilizes a dual-language curriculum and mode of instruction, both â€Å"tagalog†Ã¢â‚¬â€our native language and English. Thus, I became familiarized with the English language. However, a few years ago, my family decided to migrate to the United States for be tter opportunities. We moved in California and I had to make a lot of adjustments, both culturallyRead MoreReflection Paper On Group Work1286 Words   |  6 Pages I really enjoyed working with my PSP group this semester. Seeing them outside of class helped me get to know them more and see how they show their strengths in group work. As we got more comfortable with each other, staying focused also became more difficult but overall we were successful in getting our work done. Defaults My default behavior showed up right away in my group experience when we were stating ideas for the project. Everyone was stating what they wanted to work on and I went rightRead MoreGender Reflection Paper974 Words   |  4 Pages Identity is the most significant dimension of my gender because it is essentially the way we identify ourselves as. I identify myself as a female, biologically I was born a female and I express myself as a female. In addition, my body and expression are dimensions of my gender that are salient. My body and gender go beyond just reproducing, the way I experience my gender is neurological, cellular and endocrinological. It is through our bodies that society define how feminine or masculine we areRead MoreThe Is Not Our Type943 Words   |  4 PagesOn Monday, September 14, my partner and I set out to find someone that was â€Å"Not our Type†. When I first heard about the assignment I was extremely nervous for what would lie ahead. I’m not a very talkative person and hardly ever just have random conversations with people that I don’t know. I knew that this assignment would certainly get me out of my comfort zone, and cause me to really branch out. A huge part of tal king to others about Christ is to just start up a simple conversation to work offRead MoreMy Favorite Day Of My Life1080 Words   |  5 PagesAugust 21, 2017 was the best Monday of my entire life. This Monday was the beginning of my college life at UNCC. Interestingly enough, on that day, a solar eclipse was also occurring. So, not only was my Convocation day nerve wracking, it was also exciting, and overall an extremely eventful day. Had my college classes also begun on that day it would have been a bit too much. Thankfully, my classes began the very next day after that†¦ yay!? August 22nd was a day that I expected the worst out of andRead MoreKeeping an Optimistic Attitude in Life Essay538 Words   |  3 PagesIn my life, I try to keep an optimistic attitude about the things I do because I know it will help lead me to more desirable ends. There have been many situations in which optimism has helped me through difficult times. Two areas in particular have provided me optimistic experiences: athletics and academics. First, optimism was very apparent while I was the co-captain of my high school soccer team. I was captain during my senior year, perhaps the year we had the best team since I had begun playingRead MoreThe Story Of My Search1366 Words   |  6 PagesSearch When I first got this assignment, I was not sure about what my topic was going to be. I had never done this type of assignment before, and I went back and forth on good topic ideas. I changed the topic of my paper a couple of times before I finally decided on what I wanted this paper to be about. I decided to do my I-search paper on Elizabeth Blackwell. When I was younger, I was assigned a book report that had to be done on a biography. I did my report on Elizabeth Blackwell. I found herRead MoreOutside Global Flow Interview: My Philippine Friend636 Words   |  3 Pagesflow interview assignment, I interviewed a friend of mine, Faye Cusipag, who is now a student in San Jose City College, majoring in Medical Assistant and Psychology. Faye is an energetic and warm-hearted young lady who is serving her internship at a hospital in Los Gatos, CA, with RAMBLC pediatric medical group. She loves children, and this is the reason why she applies for this internship. Faye speaks fluently English with no accent at all, which makes me first thought that she was native born.

Music Business Essay Example For Students

Music Business Essay The music publishing industry at a glance would seem to be those who print sheet music, method books, lead sheets, and all of the texts or notated music that musicians (and those aspiring to be musicians) use. Years ago, this was what most music publishers did, but as the industry has evolved the process that become much more complex. Music is not just ink and paper, intellectual material and property to the individual who writes it. Therefore the song does not become a song when it is written down. This is not an easy concept to grasp because the song by itself has no physical makeup. A song could exist once it is played for the first time, and songs can even exist inside the mind of a songwriter. This concept is why the publishing business can be so complex; we are dealing with intellectual property. The heart of the music publishing business lies in the rights to the original music. After the music is successful enough to financially support itself the music is printed in mass quantities in a variety of ways. This could be everything from guitar tabs to choral arrangements for a junior high choir. The publishers main source of income is through record royalties, performance royalties received from companies like the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP), Broadcast Music Incorporated (BMI), and the Society of European Stage Authors and Composers (SESAC) for performances of music copyrighted by the publisher. These royalties could be from many different types of performances but most are though radio and songs on television. The success of a songwriter lies in the greatly in the hands of his/her publisher. Normally we hear of a bands success when they are signed with a record deal, but most record companies not only produce and promote an album, they also act as the publisher who, when contracted, owns the rights to the music. When a publisher own the song it is put in to their catalog. Merchandise retailers have catalogs of their goods just like publishers have a catalog of songs that they own rights to. Publishing firms such as Warner/Chappell, BMG Music, MCA Music, and Sony music have catalogs of many styles of music. These companies are referred to as full-line companies. A broad repertoire allows them to market their music to many audiences. Most of these full-line companys roots can be traced back to the music of Hollywood and the show music of Broadway. Publishers today may have thousands of songwriters in its catalog including all styles of music from around the globe. Representative Warner/Chappell owns, administers, or sub-publishes more that a million copyrights here and abroad. Todays full-line publishers have many different divisions to their company. Large publishers handle virtually every aspect of a writers music, its recordings, distribution, sales, promotion, advertising, touring, and legal affairs. This figure lays out all the divisions a full-line publisher may have. The administration division is the division that handles the operations of the firm. All business affairs go through administration. When money is received from or paid to customers the firm the accounting divisions keeps all the financial records of these kinds of operations. The accounting division also would handle loans given to artist that are signed to the firm under the publishers record label. When a band records an album under a label they become a liability to the label because money has to be spent to record, produce and promote a artists music. Full-line publishers front this money and all profits from the artist come back and are split 50-50 with the publisher and the writer. If the artist maintains the rights to their songs the record contract will include a controlled composition clause that calls for a reduced mechanical royalty paid to the artist by the record label. This clause may reduce the royalty split to 75-25, the larger portion going to the record label. This clause would not be insisted to artists who place the full rights to works in the hands of the record companys publisher. The artist remains a liability to the publisher as long as the artist has not made as much money as was invested into them by the publisher. An accountant usually handles the royalty department, which is money received from performances of the copyrighted music. This financial person will also handle normal operations such as payroll, accounts payable/receivable, insurance, purchasing and other financial operations. The copyright department may have one or more people in this division. This department is responsible for a number of tasks. Some of these important tasks are to: 1. Conduct a title search. The copyright department first determines who owns the work. Just because an artist claims to have written a song does not give him rights to it. This may be a complicated process, which is why many publishers stay away from music that is sent blindly to them for review. Legal disputes between the publisher and the writer could result and end up in court, which can be a long and costly process. Other issues that add to the complication are co-authors to the music, previous publishers, revision to music or lyrics, and many more. When the copyright department has performed this research, a copyright attorney can answer remaining questions. Depending on the demand of this type of attorney to the firm, the firm may hire one full time for these affairs. 2. Registering claims of copyright. This is done to make the copyright official, which may cost about twenty dollars for a song. 3. Handle the mechanical, and synchronization licenses of the music. Mechanical licenses are issued to artists for the recording of a copyrighted work. Synchronization licenses are issued for the use of copyrighted works in firms. This may be done through the Harry Fox agency, or may be handled through the copyright department. 4. Keeping current records of all copyrights owned by the publisher. This includes the renewal, extensions, sales, or abandonment of existing copyrights. Copyrights do have a time limit, so the need to watch where they stand in time is important to the life of the work. There may be a specific department for business affairs that deal with the legal operations of the firm. The publisher may have staffed lawyers and attorneys in this department that study the copyright laws and take legal action for the breaking of copyright laws, or the negotiating of new laws. If the publisher does not have the demand for a full time lawyer or attorney, they may be hired from outside firms. The acquisitions division is responsible for contracting writers and purchasing other catalogs. A representative from the publisher may travel the country to find artists that would bring more business to the firm. Like scouts this person is in charge of artists and repertoire (A R). The A R representative may attend a major event by an artist to see them perform and evaluate whether they would be profitable for the firm. Remember that the publisher splits all profits 50-50; millions of dollars may be at stake at the success of one artist. The acquisitions department is responsible for the purchasing of catalogs of smaller firms. This makes the music publishing industry and oligopoly; an industry controlled by a few large firms. The print publishing division is responsible for task such as editing, engraving, artwork, copying, and the printing of its catalogs music. The signed artists may meet with the editors, and arrangers in this department to prepare the music for printing in a number of different ways. The music would simply be transcribed to a lead sheet, or an entire album could be published in a book with all the chords and guitar tabs for aspiring musicians to purchase. After the music is printed it is then distributed. The promotion division is often the largest of all the divisions in a full-line publishing company. The success of a work is held in the hand of the promotion of the artist and their music. Even artists that do not have outstanding talent or abilities, but have excellent promotion will have more fame than the talented unadvertised artist. The people incharge of these artists success are the producers, managers, and musical directors for not only the records they produce but also the performances they give. Producers in the recording studio deal with the quality of the music and how it sounds the its audience. The musical director may also be present to make decisions about the arranging of music during the recording project. The artists manager is responsible for the personal well being of the artist. The other departments involved in promotion are responsible for print ads, store displays for the album, direct mail to retailers and fans, and any other special events. After all the acquisions, administration, print production, and promotion divisions have performed their responsibilities, the distribution division takes control and begins to put this intellectual, funded, copyrighted, recorded, printed, promoted music into the hands of consumers. The distribution and sales division distributes the CDs, tapes, sheet music, T-shirts, and other merchandise to wholesalers and retailers of the products. These vendors buy in large quantities at wholesale prices. Another distributor of sheet music known as a rack jobber deals with small quantities of music usually less that one hundred at a time. Other distribution may be done through direct mail, catalog and online sales. The final division of the full-line publisher is the subpublishers and licenses. Most publishers will contact different tasks to other publishers who may specialize in print or other services necessary to the artist but not provided by the primary publisher. The most common service performed by subpublishers is printing. Companies like Hal Leonard, Inc. and Warner/Chappell are two of the largest print publishers. In these kind of contracts the printer acts as the licensee and bare the full cost of printing and distributing while the licensee pays the licensor a royalty on sales of up to twenty percent of the wholesale cost. In this situation the licensee acts as selling agent. The administration, acquisitions, print production, promotion, distribution and sales, and subpublishing all make up these full-line publishing firms industry. Some companies may specialize in a certain areas, but all are necessary to make money in the end. The Double Helix EssayThe Internet is the way of the future in a big way in the music industry and this exclusive rights leaves it open to change in the digital domain. The provisions that apply to the songwriter also apply to the publisher and all the divisions of the full-line publisher. The recording industry is fighting one of the biggest disputes in music history because of the way that our industry is changing with the evolution of the Internet. Napster, an Internet site that acts as the middleman for the sharing of music over the web. Napster claims that they arent responsible for the rights not being paid for this shared music because they do not actually touch the music. They provide a way for one user to look into another users personal computer and download audio files from their computer for free. Napter is facilitating the stealing of this music by providing this open door to users and bypassing the paying of rights to the artists and publishers of the music. The policies of music licenses being reexamined will allow the law to shape to this dispute and pay those who own the rights to the music. In this subject we also include the fair use of copyrighted material. The law gives guidelines to what is considered fair use for this material. The act list the criteria for a fair use that includes: 1. The purpose or character of the use, including whether such uses is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes. 2. The nature of the copyrighted work 3. The amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole 4. The effect of the use on the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work There are exceptions to certain performances that are included in the fair use portion of the act. (1) The performance or display of a work by instructors or pupils in the course of face-to-face teaching activities of a nonprofit educational institution. (2) Performance of a nondramatic literary or musical work, display of work, by or in the course of transmission. These two uses allow students to study music for more that a hobby, but for a preparation for their careers upon graduation. This is a great resource for colleges to be able to teach and perform music and art for free as a fair use. In the music industry there are three organizations that dominate the performance rights collection. These organizations are responsible for collecting royalties from clubs, concert halls, stadiums, bars, colleges, airlines, or any business or group that uses music to promote business for themselves. The money collected from these businesses is dispersed to publishing companies that split the profits with the songwriter. These performance rights organizations will take legal action against the venues that do not purchase the appropriate licenses for the uses of the copyrighted music. Some examples of licenses include mechanical, performance, special uses, synchronization and grand rights. The first performance rights organization established in 1914 is the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP). ASCAPs income is derived from the following places in the music industry: 1. 20% to 25% from reciprocating foreign licensing organizations. 2. About half from television stations and networks 4. Annual fees are figured on a small percentage of the adjusted gross income Membership of ASCAP is comprised mostly of composers and lyricists of Broadway shows, movie musicals, and pop songs. To become a member of ASCAP you must have at least one song commercially recorded, available on rental, or performed in media licensed by the society. ASCAP has a board of twelve writers and twelve publishers. In weighting performances ASCAP takes into account the following: 1. The medium in which the performance takes place 2. The weight of the station on which the performance is carried 3. The weight of a television network The organization pays its members on the basis of census and sample surveys of performances. These are usually done at random at places that have commercial airplay. The data is then figured on an average and royalties are paid based on the average. Broadcast Music Inc. is set up different from ASCAP in its financial structure. BMI is owned by stockholders. Its board of directors consists of those who own shares in the company; several hundred people. The affiliates of BMI are songwriters from genres including jazz, rhythm and blues, country, rock, gospel and much more. Unlike ASCAP, BMI has no members, but has writer and publisher affiliates. BMI accepts those who have written a musical composition and have recorded or performed the work commercially. BMI pays higher for songs that originate in a Broadway show or feature film. As the song is play or performed more the copyright owners receive bonus payments of up to four times the minimum rate. BMI has many foreign writers and publishers in Europe and relays on income from overseas greatly. BMI does withhold 3. 6% for servicing foreign accounts. BMI deals with most licenses, as does ASCAP. The Society of European Stage Authors and Composers (SESAC) is the third of the performance rights organizations. SESAC is the smallest of the three organizations. They believe that by being a smaller organization they can meet the needs of their writers and publishers better then the bigger organizations. The other side to this is that it is much more costly to the copyright owner to join with SESAC. SESAC is the technological leader among these organizations. They have a state-of -the-art tracking system which allows them to accurately track the performance and recording of works by its owners. SESAC uses a chart payment system, which makes royalty payments based on chart positions in major trade publications. Unlike ASCAP they do not have a weighing system. The success of the song is based on how high up on the chart it is. ASCAP and BMI operate under court consent decrees; SESAC does not. Each of these organizations has their own strength, and all three are important to the industry. Working musicians can become members of unions and guilds that are respected around the nation. There are many benefits to being apart of these organizations. At a glance one may not like the idea of paying yearly dues to a group of musicians, but the benefits can be immeasurable in the right parts of the country. The American Federation of Musicians (AFM) is a trade union. It is the oldest union in the United States representing musicians that are active in their professional career. Over the year this union has seen decease in numbers because of difficulty in attracting new young members and state and national laws restricting certain kinds of collective bargaining. The union dues can range from one to five percent of union scale wages earned by its members. These dues are used to finance activities all over the nation and locally. The Union provides these musicians with the proper treatment and paid work. Most symphonies are made up from union players. Other organizations include the American Guile of Variety Artists. The AGVA represents singers, dancers, comedians, ice skaters, jugglers, magicians, and others who perform live. The AGVA provides membership to all types of performers from the struggling to the world-famous. The AGVA will negotiate with the venues of its performers. The Screen Actors Guild is made up for actors, singers and even on-screen instrumentalists. All of these organizations are very specific to its members and who can join. A musician may have to be a part several unions or guilds to get the attention he need to succeed. Some of the benefits to being a part of a musicians union are laid out in a Bill of Rights fashion including how union musicians are to be paid: 1. The right to enjoy a minimum wage, whether derived from live performance, royalties, or reuse, that is sufficient to provide a standard of support proportional to the entire investment of time and resources required to secure and perform said gainful employment. 2. The right to safe and healthy working conditions including protection from health threatening theatrical devices, demeaning and exploitive costumes or uniforms, excessive sound pressure levels, substandard travel arrangements, ingestion of second hand tobacco smoke, irrelevant recorded music before performances and during intermissions and the right to reasonable rest periods. 3. The right to equal employment opportunities based on musical qualifications and/or entertainment value regardless of race, ethnic background, age, gender, religion, cultural diversity or political affiliations. . The right to negotiate fairly on ones own behalf with universal recognition and legal enforcement of resulting contracts on agreed terms. 5. The right to ownership of all intellectual property rights as applied to compositions, performances, and recordings by all players and singers as well as leaders and publishers who are already protected. Minimum wage from gainful employment must be sufficient t o pay all necessary costs for life, shelter, and health care in the proportion of 100% for 40 hours weekly invested and directly proportional for fewer hours. This investment of time includes, in addition to hours of actual live performance, those hours spent in practice, rehearsal, preparation, post-production and (when required by the employer) promotion of the event. In absolutely no instance shall this total work investment be compensated for less than federally mandated minimum wages. We can see that union protects and serves the musicians and gives them freedom to pursue their own careers in the performing arts. These organizations create stability for the pursuit of full-time jobs in many different areas of the arts, not only in music but also in the world of theatre and visual arts.